Adjustment and Defense Mechanism

1. What is a defence mechanism?
   (a) Any form of martial arts.
   (b) A mechanism designed to reduce stress and conflict caused by specific experiences.
   (c) A method for negotiating a stage of development.
   (d) A mechanism designed to remove psychological barriers.

2. What is the Id ?
   (a) Part of the psyche that controls impulses.
   (b) Part of the psyche that reduces anxiety.
   (c) A description of innate instinctual needs.
   (d) Part of the psyche that controls our morals.

3. What is an Ego defence mechanism?
   (a) Part of the Ego state that prevents rational thinking.
   (b) Part of the unconscious that attempts to control unacceptable Id influences.
   (c) Part of the Ego state designed to reduce barriers.
   (d) Part of the Ego state that aids development.

4. One of the concepts of the humanistic-existential approach is:
   (a) Rationalism
   (b) Transference
   (c) Deviation from the statistical norm
   (d) Unconditional positive regard

5. An example of classical conditioning is :
   (a) Rat presses lever for delivery of food.
   (b) Dog learns to salivate on hearing bell.
   (c) Pigeon pecks at key for food delivery.
   (d) Dogs learn helplessness from electric shocks.

6. Operant conditioning :
   (a) Represents learning using autobiographical memory.
   (b) Represents learning of specific behaviour through reward and reinforcement.
   (c) Represents learning through pairing of stimulus and response.
   (d) Represents learning through using repetitive stimuli.

7. Which one of the following would a client centred therapist use ?
   (a) Empathy
   (b) Desensitisation
   (c) Racket system
   (d) Ego states

8. The somatogenic hypothesis advocated that causes of psychological disorders were found in :
   (a) Analysis of dreams
   (b) Physical or biological impairments
   (c) Traumatic life events
   (d) Family dynamics

9. According to the psychoanalytic approach, an attempt to integrate values learned from parents and society is called?
   (a) The Id
   (b) Sublimation
   (c) The Oral stage
   (d) The Superego

10. Which of the following of Freud’s ideas is still important to psychopathology today?
    (a) Those thoughts are the basis for behaviour.
    (b) Behaviour is learned from experience.
    (c) Psychopathology has origins in early experience rather than being a manifestation of biological dysfunction.
    (d) Dream analysis.

11. Which of the following is not a treatment developed from classical conditioning principles?
    (a) Flooding
    (b) Token economies
    (c) Systematic desensitisation
    (d) Aversion therapies

12. Which of the following is not an axis I disorder?
    (a) Schizotypical personality disorder
    (b) Anxiety disorders
    (c) Bipolar disorder
    (d) Schizophrenia

13. Which of the following is NOT a way of defining psychopathology?
    (a) Deviation from the statistical norm
    (b) Distress and impairment
    (c) Measuring IQ
    (d) Maladaptive behaviour

14. Which of the following is a problem associated with DSM IV?
    (a) Classification is based on causes.
    (b) Classification is based on symptoms alone.
    (c) Classification is based on behaviour.
    (d) Classification is based on strength of emotion.

15. Comorbidity explains the notion that :
    (a) People suffering with the same psychopathology die at the same time.
    (b) Sufferers exhibit a chronic fear of death.
    (c) Depression always happens in the winter.
    (d) Differentially defined disorders can co-occur.

16. Rather than occurring as discrete disorders, it is possible that psychopathology may represent symptoms of :
    (a) Paranormal disorders
    (b) Diurnal disorders
    (c) Cyclic disorders
    (d) Hybrid disorders

17. A GAF score of 21-30 may indicate :
    (a) Difficulty concentrating after family argument.
    (b) Severe obsessional rituals
    (c) Frequent shoplifting
    (d) Acts grossly inappropriately

18. Which of the following is NOT addressed by the medical model?
    (a) Biochemical imbalances
    (b) Genetic disorders
    (c) Abnormal physical development
    (d) Biased information processing

19. Sigmund Freud was the pioneer of which of the following models of psychopathology?
    (a) Behaviourist
    (b) Cognitive
    (c) Psychodynamic
    (d) Humanistic

20. The acquisition of dog phobia can best be explained by the :
    (a) Behavioural model
    (b) Psychodynamic model
    (c) Humanistic model
    (d) Medical model

21. Which of the following is not used to define psychopathology?
    (a) Deviation from the statistical norm
    (b) Deviation from the sexual norm
    (c) Deviation from the social norm
    (d) Maladaptive behaviour

22. An example of a hybrid disorder is :
    (a) Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
    (b) Schizoidal personality disorder
    (c) Multiple personality disorder
    (d) Borderline personality disorder

23. Which of the following were historical explanations of psychopathology?
    (a) Witchcraft
    (b) General paresis
    (c) The plague
    (d) Social class

24. Which of the following is an example of repression?
    (a) Stopping yourself from behaving the way you want to
    (b) Suppressing bad memories or current thoughts that cause anxiety.
    (c) Suppressing your natural instincts.
    (d) Stopping others from behaving inappropriately.

25. Which one of these models of psychopathology would suggest that psychological disorders result from acquiring dysfunctional ways of thinking and acting?
    (a) Medical model
    (b) Cognitive model
    (c) Behavioural model
    (d) Client centred model

26. Psychoanalysis is an attempt to explain what?
    (a) Normal psychological functioning.
    (b) Normal and abnormal psychological functioning.
    (c) Abnormal psychological functioning.
    (d) Childhood ideation.

27. Behaviour modification is an example of which of the following treatment methods :
    (a) Enable the individual to unlearn maladaptive behaviours and emotions
    (b) Enable the individual to explore their childhood behaviours.
    (c) Enable the individual to analyse the behaviour of others.
    (d) Enable the individual to modify the behaviour of others.

28. Psychological disorders were only added to the International List of Causes of Death (ICD) in 1939. This was done by :
    (a) The American Psychiatric Association (APA)
    (b) The World Health Organisation (WHO)
    (c) The National Health Service (NHS)
    (d) The Minestry of Health (MOH).

29. Individuals with mental health problems have become increasingly vocal about how psychopathology and those who suffer from it are labelled and perceived by others. Groups of individuals who are end users of the mental health services provided by, for example, government agencies such as the NHS are known as :
    (a) Patients
    (b) Service user groups
    (c) Clients
    (d) Think tanks

30. Which of the following is an organisation dedicated to changing the way in which society views people with mental health problems?
    (a) Madness matters
    (b) Pro mental
    (c) Mad pride
    (d) Mental health proud

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