OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is the ultimate reality according to moralistic idealism?
   (a) Matter
   (b) Nature
   (c) Soul
   (d) God

2. What type of supporter was Erasmus to realism?
   (a) Humanist
   (b) Sociologist
   (c) Perceptive
   (d) None

3. What is the ultimate reality according to realism?
   (a) Nature
   (b) Matter
   (c) Soul
   (d) God

4. What is the ultimate reality according to pragmatists?
   (a) Matter
   (b) Soul
   (c) God
   (d) Real experience

5. On which basis of education have the pragmatists laid the most emphasis?
   (a) Philosophical
   (b) Social
   (c) Psychological
   (d) Political

6. On what type of discipline do the pragmatists lay emphasis?
   (a) Repressionistic
   (b) Impressionistic
   (c) Emancipationistic
   (d) Self-discipline

7. Epistemology deals with the concept of:
   (a) Reality
   (b) Values
   (c) Knowledge
   (d) Reasoning

8. The main school of philosophy is the:
   (a) Pragmatism
   (b) Realism/Idealism
   (c) Naturalism
   (d) All the above

9. On what depends the values of an educational experience in the eyes of the idealist?
   (a) Whether or not the pupil has been properly motivated
   (b) Whether or not it preserves accepted institutions
   (c) The extent to which it satisfies pupil desires
   (d) The manner in which it affects future experience

10. Which educational activity is most desirable to the pragmatist?
    (a) Approximates the goals which educational scientists have set up
    (b) Results from the indiscrimination of the pupil in democratic theory
    (c) That is beneficial effect upon the future experiences of the pupil
    (d) That characterizes by spontaneous, active, continuously pleasurable and practical for the pupil

11. Who was the supporter of Naturalism in Education?
    (a) Frobel
    (b) Armstrong
    (c) John Locke
    (d) Rousseau

12. Who raised the slogan “Back to Nature”?
    (a) Realism
    (b) Pragmatism
    (c) Naturalism
    (d) Existentialism

13. Which statement is not correct about Naturalism?
    (a) A reaction against the degenerated humanism of the Renaissance period
    (b) A reaction against the degenerated humanism of the Renaissance period
    (c) A reaction against sophistication, artificiality and paraphernalia in education
    (d) A reaction against a mere study of books and linguistic forms

14. Who said, “Reverse the usual practice and you will almost always do right?”
    (a) Mahatma Gandhi
    (b) Rousseau
    (c) Dewey
    (d) Plato

15. “Human institutions are one mass of folly and contradiction.” Whose statement is this?
    (a) Bernard Shaw
    (b) Rousseau
    (c) Dewey
    (d) Ravinder Nath Tagore

16. According to which school of philosophy of education, exaltation of individual’s personality is a function of education?
    (a) Pragmatism
    (b) Idealism
    (c) Marxism
    (d) (b) and (c) both

17. Which is not Naturalism’s aim of Education?
    (a) Education is the notion of man’s evolution from lower forms of life
    (b) To equip the individual or the nation for the struggle for existence so as to ensure survival
    (c) To help the pupils to learn to be in harmony with and well-adapted to their surroundings
    (d) To inculcate ethical and moral values in the pupils

18. Which school held the view, “God makes all things good; man meddles with and they become evil?”
    (a) Marxism
    (b) Existentialism
    (c) Naturalism
    (d) Pragmatism

19. Which school maintained self-expression with the accompanying cries of “no interference”, “no restraints”?
    (a) Extreme form of Naturalism
    (b) Most widely accepted form of Naturalism
    (c) Truest form of Naturalism
    (d) Most valid form of Naturalism

20. Which school maintained : “Natural impulses of the child are of great importance and are good in themselves?”
    (a) Biological Naturalism
    (b) Mechanical Naturalism
    (c) Naturalism of physical science
    (d) Romantic Naturalism

21. What is the goal of education according to Idealism?
    (a) Perfect adaptation to the environment
    (b) Realisation of moral values
    (c) Satisfaction of human wants
    (d) Cultivation of dynamic, adaptable mind which will be resourceful and enterprising in all situations

22. The aim of education according to the Existentialists is :
    (a) Humanitarian and humanist self-realization
    (b) Adaptation to practical life
    (c) Objective knowledge
    (d) A good understanding of the world outside

23. Naturalist’s conception of man is :
    (a) Man’s very essence of being is his spiritual nature
    (b) It is spirit rather than animality that is most truly man
    (c) There exists in the nature of things a perfect pattern of each individual
    (d) Nature would have them children before they are men

24. Which philosophy of education considers psychology as an incomplete study of and an inadequate basis of educational theory?
    (a) Realism
    (b) Pragmatism
    (c) Idealism
    (d) Naturalism

25. Which among the following does not fit into the scheme of educational goals of the Idealists?
    (a) Care of body
    (b) Moral values
    (c) Skills
    (d) Self-expression

26. Religious education is strongly advocated by :
    (a) Pragmatists
    (b) Idealists
    (c) Realist
    (d) Existentialists

27. Which of the following is said about the idealists?
    (a) They are content with “briars”
    (b) They like “roses”
    (c) They are satisfied neither with “briars” nor with “roses”
    (d) They want “roses” and “briars” both

28. Which school of philosophy of education advocated Project method of teaching?
    (a) Realism
    (b) Pragmatism
    (c) Idealism
    (d) Naturalism

29. Play way method of teaching has been emphasized in the scheme of the education of:
    (a) Naturalists
    (b) Realists
    (c) Pragmatists
    (d) Existentialists

30. Which is the most widely accepted method of education, according to the pragmatists?
    (a) Lecturing by the teacher
    (b) Leaving the child free to learn
    (c) Learning by doing
    (d) Heuristic method

31. The pragmatists are against:
    (a) The external examinations
    (b) The specialist teachers
    (c) Breakdown of knowledge into separate subjects
    (d) Eternal spiritual values

32. Pragmatism has a greater sense of responsibility than Naturalism with regard to moral training because:
    (a) The free activity which pragmatic-system of education entails does not mean licence; rather it means a guided activity
    (b) They emphasize teaching of values.
    (c) They consider education, basically, a social process
    (d) They do not want the teacher to abdicate from the scene

33. Which of the following claims of the pragmatists is not acceptable?
    (a) The free activity of the pupil is likely to result in permanent attitudes of initiative and independence and moral discipline
    (b) Training in citizenship is possible through school and community activities
    (c) Training in character through school’s co-curricular activities is possible
    (d) Child’s own experience is valuable for adequate development of child’s personality

34. Project method of teaching is an outstanding contribution of:
    (a) Realism
    (b) Pragmatism
    (c) Naturalism
    (d) Idealism

35. Education, according to the Pragmatist is :
    (a) Wholly pupil-oriented
    (b) Wholly society-oriented
    (c) Wholly purposive
    (d) Wholly interdisciplinary

36. Who among the following is not a follower of Pragmatic Philosophy?
    (a) William James
    (b) Peshtalozzi
    (c) John Dewey
    (d) Kilpatrick

37. What is not associated with Pragmatism?
    (a) Purposive education
    (b) Experience-based education
    (c) Freedom-based education
    (d) Education for self-realization

38. Who emphasised realization of Truth, Beauty and Goodness as the aims of education?
    (a) Idealists
    (b) Pragmatists
    (c) Realists
    (d) Naturalists

39. Which statement about truth is not correct according to the philosophy of Pragmatism?
    (a) It is made by man
    (b) It is ever changing
    (c) It is eternal
    (d) It is what emerges to be true in actual practice

40. In whose methodology of teaching “Experimentation” is the key-note of?
    (a) Idealism
    (b) Existentialism
    (c) Realism
    (d) Pragmatism

41. The term “progressive education” related to :
    (a) Realism
    (b) Pragmatism
    (c) Idealism
    (d) Existentialism

42. Who said, “No fixed aims of education and no values in advance”?
    (a) Progressive educators
    (b) Idealists
    (c) Realists
    (d) Marxists

43. Which school of philosophy of education stresses the direct study of men and things through tours and travels?
    (a) Social realism
    (b) Idealism
    (c) Existentialism
    (d) Marxism

44. Which school believes that all knowledge comes through the senses?
    (a) Idealism
    (b) Sense Realism
    (c) Pragmatism
    (d) Existentialism

45. Which school raised the slogan “Things as they are and as they are likely to be encountered in life rather than words?”
    (a) Pragmatist
    (b) Realists
    (c) Idealists
    (d) Existentialists

46. As Huxley pleaded for the introduction of “a complete and thorough scientific culture” into schools, he is claimed to be :
    (a) An Idealist
    (b) A Realist
    (c) A Pragmatist
    (d) A Naturalist

47. Realism in education was born out of :
    (a) The enthusiasm of the Renaissance
    (b) The great religious movement of the 17th century
    (c) A cleavage between the work of the schools and the life of the world outside that occurred during the 19th century
    (d) The degeneration of humanism after Renaissance

48. Which of the following is not criticised by realism in education?
    (a) Teachers denying the value of school co-curricular activities
    (b) Pupils cramming for knowledge from books for reproducing in examination
    (c) Organizing schools in a way that is conducive to practical training in citizenship
    (d) Teaching which drifts away from life of the child

49. In the light of relevant past events, contemporary events and their understanding should find a place in the teaching of history. Who maintained this principle?
    (a) Naturalists
    (b) Idealists
    (c) Realists
    (d) Marxists

50. The most important thing to keep in mind for a teacher according to Realism in education is :
    (a) The method of teaching
    (b) The value and significance of what is taught
    (c) The nature of the child
    (d) Organization of the content to be taught

51. Which school of philosophy very strongly advocates that education should be vocational in character?
    (a) Existentialism
    (b) Naturalism
    (c) Realism
    (d) Pragmatism

52. Which is not an aspect of mind according to the Realists’ theory of knowing?
    (a) Awareness
    (b) Consciousness
    (c) Behaviour
    (d) Processing of awareness

53. Who believe that “Objects have a reality independent of mental phenomena”?
    (a) Idealists
    (b) Realists
    (c) Naturalists
    (d) Existentialists

54. Marxist educational philosophy is closer to :
    (a) Idealism
    (b) Realism
    (c) Naturalism
    (d) Pragmatism

55. Which among the following statements is not a characteristic of Marxism?
    (a) It presupposes a reality independent of man’s mind
    (b) Its educational philosophy is essentially materialistic
    (c) Its major objective is the development of child’s personality
    (d) It asserts that physical environment can definitely change the nature of the child

56. Which school of philosophy of education regrets dualism between cultural, and vocational curriculum?
    (a) Marxism
    (b) Idealism
    (c) Existentialism
    (d) Naturalism

57. According to which educational philosophy, socially useful labour must form the central pivot of the entire school?
    (a) Idealism
    (b) Marxism
    (c) Existentialism
    (d) Naturalism

58. Which of the following has been asserted about schools by Marxist educational philosophy?
    (a) They should stand above politics
    (b) They should disinterestedly serve society as a whole
    (c) They should function as deliberate instruments of state policy
    (d) They should not be mere weapons in the hands of the ruling class

59. Which of the following characteristics is common to Pragmatism, Naturalism and Existentialism?
    (a) Emphasis on spiritual aims of education
    (b) Emphasis on the individual
    (c) Emphasis on physical environment
    (d) Emphasis on value education

60. Whose is the ultimate concern - "What is existence"?
    (a) Idealists only
    (b) Realists only
    (c) Existentialists and Idealists both
    (d) Existentialists only

61. Which of the following philosophies held that ‘Men in the world feel lonely and anxious, being unsure of their meaning and fearful of their annihilation’?
    (a) Existentialism
    (b) Idealism
    (c) Marxism
    (d) Pragmatism

62. According to Existentialists, the essence of existence means :
    (a) Unity with the ultimate reality
    (b) Spiritual good and happiness
    (c) Tensions and contradictions which condition loneliness and anxiety
    (d) Continuous growth and development

63. Who was the nineteenth century founder of Existentialism?
    (a) Hegel
    (b) Soren Kierkegaard
    (c) Rousseau
    (d) D.J. O’Connor

64. Who was twentieth century Existentialist?
    (a) Soren Kierkegaard
    (b) D.J. O’Connor
    (c) Jean Paul Sartre
    (d) Hegel

65. According to which philosophy of education, childhood is something desirable for its own sake and children should be children?
    (a) Idealism
    (b) Pragmatism
    (c) Naturalism
    (d) Realism

66. In all walks of life reforms are necessary is focused in:
    (a) Progressivism
    (b) Reconstructionism
    (c) Essentialism
    (d) Perennialism

67. Generally life is the continuous changing process that is the base of education philosophy:
    (a) Progressivism
    (b) Reconstructionism
    (c) Essentialism
    (d) Perennialism

68. Which philosophy of education basically focused on useful culture and skills?
    (a) Progressivism
    (b) Reconstructionism
    (c) Essentialism
    (d) Perennialism

69. Which philosophy of education emphasizes everlasting reality?
    (a) Progressivism
    (b) Reconstructionism
    (c) Essentialism
    (d) Perennialism

70. The Republic which outlines a complete and remarkable plan of education is based on:
    (a) Idealism
    (b) Existentialism
    (c) Humanism
    (d) Naturalism

71. Idealism in education asserts that:
    (a) We would come to know the world as it really exists through education.
    (b) Each learning mind would have to build up its own idea of world
    (c) There should be no emphasis on the inner feelings of the individual but on copying the world
    (d) We cannot accept any knowledge as valid without antecedent sense impressions

72. Realism was basically a reaction to the narrowness of:
    (a) Liberals
    (b) Religious reformers
    (c) Religion
    (d) Idealism

73. The term pragmatism is also known as:
    (a) Realism
    (b) Progressivism
    (c) Humanism
    (d) Idealism

74. Realism basically concerns with the reality of:
    (a) World
    (b) Objects
    (c) Universe
    (d) Things

75. Pragmatism basically concerns with change as a:
    (a) Concern
    (b) Fragment
    (c) Reality
    (d) Option

76. Who introduces pragmatism?
    (a) Charles Darwin
    (b) William James
    (c) John Dewey
    (d) Charl’s S. Peres

77. The great method of teaching by Naturalists is basically:
    (a) Study tours
    (b) Roleplaying
    (c) Play-way
    (d) Discussion

78. From the following which school calls the classroom unnecessary?
    (a) Marxism
    (b) Naturalism
    (c) Pragmatism
    (d) Idealism

79. Which is not a form of naturalism among the following?
    (a) Naturalism of physical science
    (b) Biological Naturalism
    (c) Mechanical Naturalism
    (d) Scientific Naturalism

80. Who among the following propounded socialism in education?
    (a) Stalin
    (b) Sartre
    (c) Dewey
    (d) Russell

81. From the following which school said, “Men are devoured by our towns”:
    (a) Naturalism of Rousseau
    (b) Realism
    (c) Pragmatism of Dewey
    (d) Idealism of Plato

82. Wider use of educational technology is mainly justified by:
    (a) Idealists
    (b) Pragmatists
    (c) Existentialists
    (d) Realists

83. Perennialism is basically an educational philosophy of:
    (a) Old and present values
    (b) Future values
    (c) Present values
    (d) Old values

84. From the following who says “Human nature remains the same everywhere hence education should be same for everyone”:
    (a) Essentialism
    (b) Progressivism
    (c) Reconstruction
    (d) Perennialism

85. Basically the term pragmatism derives its origin from:
    (a) English
    (b) Spanish
    (c) Latin
    (d) Greek

86. Etymological definition of a word basically shows its derivation from:
    (a) Arabic
    (b) Persian
    (c) Greek/ Latin
    (d) English

87. According to naturalism the main aim of education is:
    (a) Moral sense
    (b) Universal education
    (c) Self-expression
    (d) Self-realization

88. In education who was the supporter of Naturalism:
    (a) Armstrong
    (b) John Locke
    (c) Rousseau
    (d) Froebel

89. From the following which one of the education systems supports scientific progress?
    (a) Naturalistic education
    (b) Realistic education
    (c) Idealistic education
    (d) None of the above

90. On what depends the values of an educational experience in the eyes of the idealist?
    (a) The extent to which it satisfies pupil desires
    (b) The manner in which it affects future experience
    (c) Whether or not it preserves accepted institutions
    (d) Whether or not the pupil has been properly motivated

91. Which educational activity is most desirable to the pragmatist?
    (a) That is beneficial effect upon the future experiences of the pupil
    (b) Approximates the goals which educational scientists have set up
    (c) Results from the in discrimination of the pupil in democratic theory
    (d) That characterizes by spontaneous, active, continuously pleasurable and practical for the pupil

92. Who was the supporter of Naturalism in Education?
    (a) Frobel
    (b) Rousseau
    (c) Armstrong
    (d) John Locke

93. Which statement is not correct about Naturalism?
    (a) A reaction against a mere study of books and linguistic forms.
    (b) A reaction against the degenerated humanism of the Renaissance period
    (c) A reaction against sophistication, artificiality and paraphernalia in education
    (d) None of these

94. According to which school of philosophy of education, exaltation of individual's personality is a function of education?
    (a) Marxism
    (b) Idealism
    (c) Idealism and Marxism both
    (d) Pragmatism

95. Which school held the view, "God makes all things good; man meddles with and they become evil"?
    (a) Marxism
    (b) Naturalism
    (c) Pragmatism
    (d) Existentialism

96. Which school maintained self-expression with the accompanying cries of "no interference", "no restraints"?
    (a) Truest form of Naturalism
    (b) Extreme form of Naturalism
    (c) Most valid form of Naturalism
    (d) Most widely accepted form of Naturalism

97. Which school maintained: "Natural impulses of the child are of great importance and are good in themselves"?
    (a) Romantic Naturalism
    (b) Biological Naturalism
    (c) Mechanical Naturalism
    (d) Naturalism of physical science

98. What is the goal of education according to Idealism?
    (a) Realisation of moral values
    (b) Satisfaction of human wants
    (c) Perfect adaptation to the environment
    (d) Cultivation of dynamic, adaptable mind which will be resourceful and enterprising in all situations

99. Naturalist’s conception of man is:
    (a) Man’s very essence of being is his spiritual nature
    (b) It is spirit rather than animality that is most truly man
    (c) Nature would have them children before they are men
    (d) There exists in the nature of things a perfect pattern of each individual

100. Which philosophy of education considers psychology as an incomplete study of and an inadequate basis of educational theory?
     (a) Realism
     (b) Idealism
     (c) Naturalism
     (d) Pragmatism

101. Which among the following does not fit into the scheme of educational goals of the Idealists?
     (a) Skills
     (b) Care of body
     (c) Moral values
     (d) Self-expression

102. Religious education is strongly advocated by:
     (a) Realist
     (b) Idealists
     (c) Pragmatists
     (d) Existentialists

103. Which school of philosophy of education advocated Project method of teaching?
     (a) Idealism
     (b) Realism
     (c) Naturalism
     (d) Pragmatism

104. Play way method of teaching has been emphasised in the scheme of the education of:
     (a) Realists
     (b) Naturalists
     (c) Pragmatists
     (d) Existentialists

105. Which is the most widely accepted method of education, according to the pragmatists?
     (a) Heuristic method
     (b) Learning by doing
     (c) Lecturing by the teacher
     (d) Leaving the child free to learn

106. The pragmatists are against:
     (a) The specialist teachers
     (b) Eternal spiritual values
     (c) The external examinations
     (d) Breakdown of knowledge into separate subjects

107. Pragmatism has a greater sense of responsibility than Naturalism with regard to moral training because:
     (a) They emphasize teaching of values
     (b) They consider education, basically, a social process
     (c) They do not want the teacher to abdicate from the scene
     (d) The free activity which pragmatic-system of education entails does not mean licence; rather it means a guided activity

108. Which of the following claims of the pragmatists is not acceptable?
     (a) Training in character through school’s co-curricular activities is possible
     (b) Training in citizenship is possible through school and community activities
     (c) Child’s own experience is valuable for adequate development of child’s personality
     (d) The free activity of the pupil is likely to result in permanent attitudes of initiative and independence and moral discipline

109. Project method of teaching is an outstanding contribution of:
     (a) Idealism
     (b) Realism
     (c) Naturalism
     (d) Pragmatism

110. Which is the characteristic of the project method?
     (a) Problematic act
     (b) A voluntary undertaking
     (c) Carried in its natural setting
     (d) Used for all-round-development of child’s personality

111. Education, according to the Pragmatist is:
     (a) Wholly purposive
     (b) Wholly pupil-oriented
     (c) Wholly society-oriented
     (d) Wholly interdisciplinary

112. Who among the following is not a follower of Pragmatic Philosophy?
     (a) Kilpatrick
     (b) Pestalozzi
     (c) John Dewey
     (d) William James

113. What is not associated with Pragmatism?
     (a) Purposive education
     (b) Freedom-based education
     (c) Education for self-realization
     (d) Experience-based education

114. Who emphasized realization of Truth, Beauty and Goodness as the aims of education?
     (a) Realists
     (b) Idealists
     (c) Naturalists
     (d) Pragmatists

115. Which statement about truth is not correct according to the philosophy of Pragmatism?
     (a) It is eternal
     (b) It is made by man
     (c) It is ever changing
     (d) It is what emerges to be true in actual practice

116. In whose methodology of teaching “Experimentation” is the key-note of?
     (a) Realism
     (b) Idealism
     (c) Pragmatism
     (d) Existentialism

117. The term “progressive education” related to:
     (a) Realism
     (b) Idealism
     (c) Pragmatism
     (d) Existentialism

118. Who said, “No fixed aims of education and no values in advance”?
     (a) Realists
     (b) Idealists
     (c) Marxists
     (d) Progressive educators

119. Which school of philosophy of education stresses the direct study of men and things through tours and travels?
     (a) Idealism
     (b) Marxism
     (c) Social realism
     (d) Existentialism

120. Which school believes that all knowledge comes through the senses?
     (a) Idealism
     (b) Pragmatism
     (c) Existentialism
     (d) Sense Realism

121. Which school raised the slogan “Things as they are and as they are likely to be encountered in life rather than words”?
     (a) Realists
     (b) Idealists
     (c) Pragmatist
     (d) Existentialists

122. As Huxley pleaded for the introduction of "a complete and thorough scientific culture" into schools, he is claimed to be:
     (a) A Realist
     (b) An Idealist
     (c) A Naturalist
     (d) A Pragmatist

123. Realism in education was born out of:
     (a) The enthusiasm of the Renaissance
     (b) The great religious movement of the 17th century
     (c) The degeneration of humanism after Renaissance
     (d) A cleavage between the work of the schools and the life of the world outside that occurred during the 19th century

124. Which of the following is not criticised by realism in education?
     (a) Teaching which drifts away from life of the child
     (b) Teachers denying the value of school co-curricular activities
     (c) Pupils cramming for knowledge from books for reproducing in examination
     (d) Organizing schools in a way that is conducive to practical training in citizenship

125. In the light of relevant past events, contemporary events and their understanding should find a place in the teaching of history. Who maintained this principle?
     (a) Realists
     (b) Marxists
     (c) Idealists
     (d) Naturalists

126. The most important thing to keep in mind for a teacher according to Realism in education is:
     (a) The nature of the child
     (b) The method of teaching
     (c) Organization of the content to be taught
     (d) The value and significance of what is taught

127. Which school of philosophy very strongly advocates that education should be vocational in character?
     (a) Realism
     (b) Naturalism
     (c) Pragmatism
     (d) Existentialism

128. Which is not an aspect of mind according to the Realists' theory of knowing?
     (a) Behaviour
     (b) Awareness
     (c) Consciousness
     (d) Processing of awareness

129. Who believe that "Objects have a reality independent of mental phenomena"?
     (a) Idealists
     (b) Realists
     (c) Naturalists
     (d) Existentialists

130. Marxist educational philosophy is closer to:
     (a) Realism
     (b) Idealism
     (c) Naturalism
     (d) Pragmatism

131. Which among the following statements is not a characteristic of Marxism?
     (a) It asserts that physical environment can definitely change the nature of the child
     (b) Its major objective is the development of child's personality
     (c) Its educational philosophy is essentially materialistic
     (d) It presupposes a reality independent of man's mind

132. Which school of philosophy of education regrets dualism between cultural, and vocational curriculum?
     (a) Idealism
     (b) Marxism
     (c) Naturalism
     (d) Existentialism

133. According to which educational philosophy, socially useful labour must form the central pivot of the entire school?
     (a) Marxism
     (b) Idealism
     (c) Naturalism
     (d) Existentialism

134. Which of the following has been asserted about schools by Marxist educational philosophy?
     (a) They should not be mere weapons in the hands of the ruling class
     (b) They should function as deliberate instruments of state policy
     (c) They should disinterestedly serve society as a whole
     (d) They should stand above politics

135. Which of the following characteristics is common to Pragmatism, Naturalism and Existentialism?
     (a) Emphasis on the individual
     (b) Emphasis on value education
     (c) Emphasis on physical environment
     (d) Emphasis on spiritual aims of education

136. Whose is the ultimate concern-"What is existence"?
     (a) Idealists only
     (b) Existentialists only
     (c) Existentialists and Idealists both
     (d) Realists only

137. Which of the following philosophies held that 'Men in the world feel lonely and anxious, being unsure of their meaning and fearful of their annihilation'?
     (a) Marxism
     (b) Idealism
     (c) Pragmatism
     (d) Existentialism

138. According to Existentialists, the essence of existence means:
     (a) Unity with the ultimate reality
     (b) Spiritual good and happiness
     (c) Continuous growth and development
     (d) Tensions and contradictions which condition loneliness and anxiety

139. According to which philosophy of education, childhood is something desirable for its own sake and children should be children?
     (a) Realism
     (b) Idealism
     (c) Naturalism
     (d) Pragmatism

140. "Education is the process of natural development of the child into an enjoyable, rational, harmoniously balanced, useful and hence, natural life". Which school of philosophy of education believes that:
     (a) Realism
     (b) Idealism
     (c) Naturalism
     (d) Existentialism

141. While, according to Samkhya Philosophy effect is the real modification of cause, according to Samkara, it is:
     (a) Real
     (b) Unreal
     (c) Indescribable
     (d) None of these

142. The theory of causation advanced by Samkara has been proved by:
     (a) Logic
     (b) Scriptures
     (c) Experience
     (d) All of these

143. The relation between the Jiva and Brahman, according to Samkara, can be explained as:
     (a) Identity
     (b) Evolution
     (c) Reflection
     (d) Emanation

144. According to the theory known as Avacchedavada, causation means:
     (a) Reflection
     (b) Destruction
     (c) Annihilation
     (d) None of these

145. Ramanuja’s theory of causation is known as:
     (a) Vivartavada
     (b) Asatkarayavada
     (c) Prakriti Parinamavada
     (d) Brahman Parinamavada

146. The indirect proofs for the existence of self, according to the Jain philosophers, are:
     (a) Co-ordinator
     (b) Efficient cause
     (c) Soul is mover
     (d) All of these

147. The Jains have refused the Charvaka view of self on the basis of:
     (a) Illogical
     (b) No evidence
     (c) Against causation
     (d) All of these

148. Buddha’s theory of self is known as:
     (a) Eternal self
     (b) Immutable self
     (c) Theory of no-soul
     (d) None of these

149. Buddha’s theory of self is similar to the theory propounded in the West by:
     (a) David Hume
     (b) William James
     (c) Bertrand Russell
     (d) All of these

150. The existence of soul in Indian philosophy has not been accepted by the schools known as:
     (a) The Buddhists
     (b) The Charvakas
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

151. Man, according to Charvaka philosophy, is:
     (a) The self
     (b) The physical body
     (c) The consciousness
     (d) None of these

152. Happiness and sorrow and other mental activities, according to Charvaka, are the attributes of:
     (a) Self
     (b) Body
     (c) Consciousness
     (d) None of these

153. Charvaka philosophers have been classified into:
     (a) Dhurta
     (b) Susikshit
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

154. The sage Vatsyayan belongs to the Charvaka School of:
     (a) Susikshit
     (b) Dhurta
     (c) All of the above
     (d) None of these

155. Rebirth, according to Buddha, is connected with self as:
     (a) Fundamental
     (b) Irrelevant
     (c) Relevant
     (d) None of these

156. Buddha’s attitude towards self can be said to be:
     (a) Sceptic
     (b) Agnostic
     (c) Dogmatic
     (d) Indifferent

157. Man, according to Buddha, can be said to be:
     (a) Self
     (b) Body
     (c) Sanghat
     (d) None of these

158. The self, according to Samkhya theory is:
     (a) Body
     (b) Mind
     (c) Intellect
     (d) All of these

159. Who among the following propounded existentialism in education?
     (a) Plato
     (b) Sartre
     (c) Rousseau
     (d) Bertrand Russell

160. The Samkhya theory of self, is based upon:
     (a) The Vedas
     (b) The Puranas
     (c) The Bhagwadgita
     (d) None of these

161. The chief characteristics of the self according to Samkhya philosophy, is:
     (a) Rebirth
     (b) Eternity
     (c) Pure consciousness
     (d) None of these

162. The chief arguments to prove the existence of self advanced by Samkhya philosophies are:
     (a) The Gunas
     (b) Structure of things
     (c) Substratum of knowledge
     (d) All of these

163. The self is proved on the basis of the psychological tendencies of:
     (a) Salvation
     (b) Enjoyment
     (c) Knowledge
     (d) All of these

164. The plurality theory of self in Indian philosophy has been accepted by:
     (a) The Jainas
     (b) The Mimamsa
     (c) The Samkhya
     (d) All of these

165. The unitary theory of self in Indian philosophy has been supported by:
     (a) The Jainas
     (b) The Samkhya
     (c) The Mimamsa
     (d) Advaita Vedanta

166. Samkhya theory of self has been criticised on the basis of:
     (a) Illogical
     (b) Proofs for practical self only
     (c) Confusion between Jiva and Atman
     (d) All of these

167. The most important theory of self in Indian philosophy has been advanced by:
     (a) Jainas
     (b) Samkhya
     (c) Buddhists
     (d) Advaita Vedanta

168. The most important characteristic of self, according to Samkara is:
     (a) Axiological
     (b) Metaphysical
     (c) Epistemological
     (d) All of these

169. The fundamental basis of Samkara’s theory of self is:
     (a) Dualism
     (b) Pluralism
     (c) Non-dualism
     (d) Qualified monism

170. Samkara’s theory of self is based upon:
     (a) Logic
     (b) Metaphysics
     (c) Epistemology
     (d) All of these

171. Causation in Indian philosophy has been explained by:
     (a) Satkaryavada
     (b) Parinamavada
     (c) Asatkaryavada
     (d) All of these

172. The theory, that the effect is the real result of the cause, is known as:
     (a) Vivartavada
     (b) Parinamavada
     (c) Satkaryavada
     (d) Asatkaryavada

173. The theory, that the effect is only the apparent of the cause, is known as:
     (a) Vivartavada
     (b) Satkaryavada
     (c) Parinamavada
     (d) Asatkaryavada

174. The theory that the effect is already implicit in the cause, is known as:
     (a) Vivartavada
     (b) Parinamavada
     (c) Satkaryavada
     (d) Asatkaryavada

175. The Theory that the effect is not implicit but super-imposed upon cause, is known as:
     (a) Vivartavada
     (b) Satkaryavada
     (c) Parinamavada
     (d) Asatkaryavada

176. Ramanuja’s theory of causation is known as:
     (a) Prakriti Parinamavada
     (b) Brahman Parinamavada
     (c) All of the above
     (d) None of these

177. The theory of causation known as Parinamavada in Indian philosophy has been supported by:
     (a) Samkhya
     (b) Ramanuja
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

178. The cause, according to Indian philosophy, can be classified as:
     (a) Efficient cause
     (b) Material cause
     (c) Immediate cause
     (d) All of these

179. The material and the efficient cause, according to Samkhya philosophy, are related as:
     (a) Identical
     (b) Different
     (c) Contradictory
     (d) None of these

180. The Mimamsa theory of causation is known as:
     (a) Vivartavada
     (b) Parinamavada
     (c) Theory of energy
     (d) None of these

181. The world, according to Samkara, is the result of:
     (a) Evolution
     (b) Real causation
     (c) Super-imposition
     (d) None of these

182. The theory known as Satkaryavada includes:
     (a) Vivartavada
     (b) Parinamavada
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

183. The causal relation, according to Samkara is:
     (a) Real change
     (b) Unreal change
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

184. The reflection of Brahman as according to Samkara, is due to:
     (a) Avidya
     (b) Adhyasa
     (c) Vyavahara
     (d) All of these

185. According to Pranvadin Charvakas the nature of self is:
     (a) Body
     (b) Mind
     (c) Sense organs
     (d) Vital principle

186. According to Atma Manovadin, Charvakas self is:
     (a) Mind
     (b) Body
     (c) Sense organs
     (d) Vital principle

187. The Charvakas deny the existence of:
     (a) Self
     (b) Heaven and hell
     (c) Merit and demerit
     (d) All of these

188. The Charvaka theory of self can be termed as:
     (a) Vitalist
     (b) Mentalist
     (c) Materialist
     (d) All of these

189. The false knowledge, according to Samkara, is known as:
     (a) Vidya
     (b) Avidya
     (c) Adhyasa
     (d) None of these

190. The cause of the power of Maya, according to Samkara, is:
     (a) Aidya
     (b) Vidya
     (c) Adhyasa
     (d) None of these

191. The cause of bondage of the Jiva in the world, according to Samkara, is:
     (a) Vidya
     (b) Avidya
     (c) Adhyasa
     (d) None of these

192. The nature of Avidya, according to Samkara, can be described as:
     (a) Natural
     (b) Eternal
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

193. The aim of the study of Vedanta scriptures is:
     (a) Brahman realisation
     (b) Achievement of self
     (c) Liberation from Avidya
     (d) All of these

194. Knowledge according to Mimamsa philosophy, is:
     (a) Real
     (b) Unreal
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

195. The nature of world as illusion has been accepted in Indian philosophy by:
     (a) Mimamsa
     (b) Vishishtadvaita
     (c) Advaita Vedanta
     (d) All of these

196. The relationship of the ultimate reality with the world in Indian philosophy has been explained by the theory of:
     (a) Error
     (b) Reality
     (c) Falsehood
     (d) All of these

197. The only valid Pramana according to Charvaka is:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Scriptures
     (c) Perception
     (d) None of these

198. According to materialism, the only valid pramana is:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Scriptures
     (c) Perception
     (d) None of these

199. Perception coming through the contact of external senses with objects according to Charvaka is known as:
     (a) Internal
     (b) External
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

200. The nature of perception according to Charvaka can be said to be:
     (a) Authentic
     (b) Inauthentic
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

201. The Charvakas have challenged the validity of:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Scriptures
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

202. The validity of scriptures has been challenged by the Charvakas in the field of:
     (a) Imperceptible things
     (b) Perceptible things
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

203. Charvakas have rejected the validity of scriptures on the basis of:
     (a) Criticism of inference
     (b) Absence of physical proof
     (c) Contradictions and tautologies
     (d) All of these

204. Charvaka criticism of scriptures has been challenged by:
     (a) Nyaya
     (b) Samkhya
     (c) Advaita Vedanta
     (d) All of these

205. The philosophers who have condemned Charvaka, challenge to Vedas include:
     (a) Samkara
     (b) Udayana
     (c) Vainaknath
     (d) All of these

206. The arguments presented in favour of the Vedas include:
     (a) Purpose to the authors
     (b) Character of the authors
     (c) Authenticity of the authors
     (d) All of these

207. Indian education can promote nation consciousness by:
     (a) Establishing more and more all India institutions which will admit students from different parts of the country
     (b) Understanding and re-evaluating of India’s cultural heritage
     (c) Breaking down regional and linguistic barriers
     (d) All of these

208. The most important element in the Jain theory of Pramanas is:
     (a) Naya
     (b) Inference
     (c) Scriptures
     (d) Perception

209. Knowledge according to Jain philosophers can be called:
     (a) Naya
     (b) Pramana
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

210. The theory of Naya is based upon:
     (a) Ekantvada
     (b) Anekantvada
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

211. Pramanas, according to Jaina’s include:
     (a) Direct
     (b) Indirect
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

212. The knowledge of the qualities of the Paksha through the Hetu is known as:
     (a) Vyapti
     (b) Anuman
     (c) Paramarsa
     (d) None of these

213. The invariable relation between the Hetu and the Saddaya in Nyaya Philosophy is known as:
     (a) Vyapti
     (b) Anuman
     (c) Paramarsa
     (d) None of these

214. Vyapti can be properly defined as:
     (a) Sequence
     (b) Causal relation
     (c) Invariable concomitant
     (d) None of these

215. The knowledge of the relation between a name and the thing named in Nyaya is known as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Testimony
     (c) Perception
     (d) Comparison

216. The knowledge gained through the testimony of the reliable statement of scripture is known as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Testimony
     (c) Perception
     (d) Comparison

217. Words according to Nyaya can be classified as:
     (a) Drastartha
     (b) Adrastartha
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

218. The basis of the classification of scriptural words according to Nyaya can be:
     (a) Origin of words
     (b) Meaning of words
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

219. The words which are given to the seers through the God himself are known as:
     (a) Vedic
     (b) Laukika
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

220. Words created by ordinary human beings are known as:
     (a) Vedic
     (b) Laukika
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

221. The nature of Vedic words can be described as:
     (a) True
     (b) False
     (c) Doubtful
     (d) None of these

222. Prama literally means the experience which is:
     (a) Real
     (b) Unreal
     (c) Doubtful
     (d) None of these

223. Valid knowledge according to Mimamsa includes:
     (a) Perceptual
     (b) Non-perceptual
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

224. The perceptual knowledge, according to Mimamsa, can be classified as:
     (a) Savikalpa
     (b) Nirvikalpa
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

225. The immediate knowledge according to Mimamsa is known as:
     (a) Perceptual
     (b) Non-perceptual
     (c) Both of them
     (d) None of these

226. Knowledge of name, shape, quality etc., is known as:
     (a) Nirvikalpa
     (b) Savikalpa
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

227. Knowledge arising out of similar cognition or perception is known as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Testimony
     (c) Perception
     (d) Comparison

228. The Pramana of Upmana in Indian philosophy has been accepted by:
     (a) Nyaya
     (b) Vedanta
     (c) Mimamsa
     (d) All of these

229. The most important source of knowledge according to Mimamsa is:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Testimony
     (c) Perception
     (d) Comparison

230. The Vedic statements, according to Mimamsa, can be classified as:
     (a) Vidhayaka
     (b) Siddhartha
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

231. Sentences pertaining to objective existence are known as:
     (a) Vidhayaka
     (b) Siddhartha
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

232. Statements concerning the Mode of Performance of religious activity are known as:
     (a) Vidhayaka
     (b) Siddhartha
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

233. "Achieve heaven through charity for a whole month," is a statement which can be classified as:
     (a) Atidesa
     (b) Upadesaka
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

234. The postulation of a fact by the impossibility of its opposite is known as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Arthapatti
     (c) Testimony
     (d) Anupalabdhi

235. The immediate knowledge of the nonexistence of an object is known as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Testimony
     (c) Arthapatti
     (d) Anupalabdhi

236. Prama, according to Vedanta, is the knowledge which is:
     (a) Worldly
     (b) Other worldly
     (c) Contradictory
     (d) Uncontradictory

237. Pramanas, according to Vedanta, can be classified as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Scriptures
     (c) Perception
     (d) All of these

238. The identity of the subject and object consciousness adopting the form of external object is known as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Scriptures
     (c) Perception
     (d) All of these

239. The relation of subject and object in perception, according to Vedanta, is:
     (a) Identical
     (b) Different
     (c) Contradictory
     (d) None of these

240. The knowledge which results by the past impressions based upon the awareness of concomitance is known as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Scriptures
     (c) Perception
     (d) All of these

241. The most important pramana, according to Advaita Vedanta, is:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Scriptures
     (c) Perception
     (d) All of these

242. While Nyaya admits as many as five stages in the process of inference, Samkara has admitted:
     (a) 1
     (b) 3
     (c) 5
     (d) 7

243. The best theory of Pramanas in Indian philosophy has been presented by:
     (a) Advaita Vedanta
     (b) Samkhya
     (c) Nyaya
     (d) None of these

244. The imposition of some external objects upon the self, according to Samkara, means:
     (a) Akyativada
     (b) Asatkhyativada
     (c) Atmakhyativada
     (d) Anyathakhyativada

245. The theory of error known as Atmakhyativada in Indian philosophy has been presented by:
     (a) Nyaya
     (b) Mimamsa
     (c) Samkhya
     (d) Advaita Vedanta

246. The theory of imposition of a mental concept upon the external world is known as:
     (a) Mmyativada
     (b) Asatkhyativada
     (c) Atmakhyativada
     (d) Akhathakhyativada

247. The imposition of an object upon another due to illusion is known as:
     (a) Akhyativada
     (b) Asatkhyativada
     (c) Atmakhyativada
     (d) Anyathakhyativada

248. The imagination of quality in a thing which has been the subject of imposition of the object having that quality leads to the error known as:
     (a) Akhyativada
     (b) Asatkhyativada
     (c) Atmakhyativada
     (d) Anyathakhyativada

249. The imposition of some quality in a thing where it is not, is known as:
     (a) Avidya
     (b) Akhyati
     (c) Adhyasa
     (d) None of these

250. The proper cause of adhyasa, according to Samkara, is:
     (a) Maya
     (b) Avidya
     (c) Vyavahara
     (d) All of these

251. The world, according to Samkara, is:
     (a) Real
     (b) Unreal
     (c) Illusory
     (d) None of these

252. In Indian philosophy the theory of error has been mostly utilised in the field of:
     (a) Axiology
     (b) Metaphysics
     (c) Epistemology
     (d) All of these

253. Samkara has utilised the Adhyasa to explain:
     (a) Nature of self
     (b) Nature of world
     (c) Nature of brahman
     (d) Nature of liberation

254. The proper nature of Adhyasa can be explained as:
     (a) Ignorance
     (b) Knowledge
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

255. The right knowledge, according to Samkara, is known as:
     (a) Maya
     (b) Vidya
     (c) Avidya
     (d) Adhyasa

256. The knowledge known as Pramana is gained by:
     (a) Jiva
     (b) Soul
     (c) Sense organs
     (d) None of these

257. The knowledge which the Jiva attains without any help is known as:
     (a) Paroksha
     (b) Pratyaksha
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

258. The knowledge of a thing by means of Hetu, according to Jain’s is known as:
     (a) Paroksha
     (b) Pratyaksha
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

259. Knowledge according to Nyaya, can be properly described as:
     (a) Prama
     (b) Aprarna
     (c) Both (a) and (b)
     (d) None of these

260. Uncontradicted knowledge arising out of the sense object contact is known as:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Testimony
     (c) Perception
     (d) Comparison

261. The most important source of knowledge according to Nyaya philosophy is:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Testimony
     (c) Perception
     (d) Comparison

262. Anuma knowledge according to Nyaya is:
     (a) Inference
     (b) Testimony
     (c) Perception
     (d) Comparison

263. The proper means of anumana according to Nyaya is:
     (a) Hetu
     (b) Paksha
     (c) Sadhya
     (d) Perception

264. Liberation, as becoming a part of God, according to Ramanuja is known as:
     (a) Sayujya
     (b) Samipya
     (c) Salokya
     (d) Sanidhya

265. Liberation, as nearness to Ishwara according to Ramanuja is known as:
     (a) Samipya
     (b) Salokya
     (c) Sayujya
     (d) Sanidhya

266. The important means for achievement or liberation, according to Samkara, is:
     (a) Religious practices
     (b) Concentration on Om
     (c) Distinction of self and not-self
     (d) All of these

267. Which of the following types represents Aurobindo’s contribution to education?
     (a) Basic education
     (b) Integral Education
     (c) Education for man making
     (d) Education for international understanding

268. Which of the following is not a national objective to be achieved through education in India?
     (a) Increasing productivity
     (b) Increasing children’s creative ability
     (c) Accelerating process of modernization
     (d) Achieving social and national integration

269. The Vedas teach us that creation is:
     (a) Has a definite beginning and also an end
     (b) Without beginning and without an end
     (c) Without beginning
     (d) Without an end

270. Who said, “Without caring for all that is believed, reason it all out and having found that it will do good to you and all believe it, live up to it and help others to live up to it”?
     (a) Vyas
     (b) Kapila
     (c) Buddha
     (d) Swami Vivekananda

271. Which philosophy maintained “The soul is divine, only held in the bondage of matter”?
     (a) Sankhya
     (b) Vedanta
     (c) Buddhism
     (d) All of these

272. Characteristics of Vivekananda’s philosophy of education include:
     (a) Idealism
     (b) Naturalism
     (c) Pragmatism
     (d) Naturalism, idealism, and pragmatism all

273. According to Vivekananda’s philosophy of education, the prime aim of education is:
     (a) Social development of the child
     (b) Mental development of the child
     (c) Physical development of the child
     (d) Fullness of perfection already present in the child

274. The intimacy between philosophy and religion can be seen in the field of:
     (a) Values
     (b) Goal of life
     (c) Aim of knowledge
     (d) All of these

275. Philosophers are, "Those who are lovers of the vision of truth." This was said by:
     (a) Plato
     (b) Aristotle
     (c) Socrates
     (d) William James

276. Which of the following is ideal of education, according to idealism?
     (a) Livelihood
     (b) Citizenship
     (c) Self Realisation
     (d) Social Adjustment

277. Which of the following is the Naturalist ideal of education?
     (a) Livelihood
     (b) Social Adjustment
     (c) Self Realisation
     (d) Inculcation of democratic values

278. Who among the following propounded pragmatism in education?
     (a) Plato
     (b) Russell
     (c) Rousseau
     (d) John Dewey

279. Who among the following propounded naturalism in education?
     (a) Plato
     (b) Rousseau
     (c) John Dewey
     (d) Bertrand Russell

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